Key Milestones in Early Childhood Development and How to Support Them
Written by Kaushiki Gangully | November 2, 2025
Introduction
There is nothing quite as exhilarating and magical as watching a small human being born before gradually assembling a personality, a skillset, and a complete understanding of the world. The first five years of a child’s life are a dazzling display of development. Because during this period, their brain forms millions of connections every single second. If the adult brain has 2 crores brain cells, this number will be reached by the age of 5 years. The size of the cells and their connections will increase as your kids age, but not the number. No new neurons or nerve cells are formed after the age of 5, as explained lucidly by the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP).
As parents, caregivers, and educators, you do not need to be neurobiologists to participate in this period of development. You simply need a road map and the right tools. The developmental milestones are not just boxes to check. According to this NIOS (National Institute of Open Schooling) module on Early Childhood Care and Innovation, development actually refers to qualitative changes in the body as well as changes in behavior or attitude. They give physical cues to parents that their infant’s internal wiring is progressing exactly as it should. Understanding these stages allows parents to move past passive observation and become active, intentional participants in their growth.
Key Developmental Milestones In Early Childhood
The First Year (0 to 1 year)
The first twelve months are about establishing foundational physical and emotional security. The baby moves from a reflexive state to an intentional explorer. During the first 4 months, all your baby should be doing is lifting their head, smiling, trying to sit when helped up, cooing, gurgling, trying to get into a prone position on their own, and recognising their immediate caregiver, aka, mother.
After 6 months, babies can sit with support. They enjoy looking into the mirror, babbling, and developing fine motor skills. By the time infants turn 9 months, they can steadily sit on their own, stand with support, wave goodbye, play peek a boo, respond to their name being called, and crawl towards favorite toys. This is also the time of listening hard for the cherished ‘mama’ and ‘papa’.
By the time babies turn a year old, they can stand without support, maybe walk alone for a bit before falling, can play simple ball games, string 2 words together, point at objects, and follow simple commands.
The Toddling Years (1 to 3 years)
The toddler is like a scientist in a tiny body, driven by two main forces- curiosity and the fierce desire to do things on their own. The shift from single words to short sentences is rapid. The emotional world of toddlers also becomes complex, almost overnight. By the time babies turn 15 months old, they can now walk alone, crawl upstairs, imitate having a short conversation over the phone, bring over and show favorite toys to persons of interest, and even build mini towers a couple of cubes high.
At the age of 18 months, your infant can now run and explore, mimic domestic activities, use 8 to 10 words at a stretch, recognize parts of the body, name and identify common objects, throw a ball without falling, and even build architecture at least 4 cubes high. You will be even more mesmerised by your babies as they turn 2.
Now, they are able to rudimentarily walk up and down stairs, pull favorite people to show them special toys, build towers 6 blocks or higher, and smartly follow 2-step commands. As they reach the full potential of their toddling years and arrive at 3 years of age, even further progress takes place. Your child can ride tricycles, climb stairs properly, use longer sentences, build 8-block towers or mini bridges, identify a few shapes and colors, is able to follow 3-step commands, and know their name and gender.
The Pre-School Era (3 to 5 years)
By preschool, your child is transitioning from a self-focused individual to a social being. Their world is vaster now, their imagination boundless, and their need for structured learning begins to surface. As a pre-schooler, your 4-year-old child will be able to hop on one foot with proper balance and play, be able to narrate simple poems from memory or narrate their ABCs, go to the toilet on their own, draw recognizable shapes and figures, understand simple math principles, and start grasping the structure of language. By the time they turn 5, they can play with a skipping rope, dress themselves, inquire about the meanings of words, read on their own, and more. It is fascinating to watch children grow and learn about the world so well in such a short time.
Conclusion
It is easy to get caught up in comparison and competition, be it measuring your child’s progress to the next kid or against the mythical, perfect child that does not exist. But a child’s development is a winding path, not a straight race track. Some may sprint ahead in language only to pause for months on motor skills. Ultimately, that is not a deficit; it is just their individual pace of development. Ultimately, milestones are useful markers for adults only. For children, it is just a new experience.
References
https://iapindia.org/pdf/upgraded-parenting-and-child-development-guide.pdf
https://nios.ac.in/media/documents/376_ECCE_PDF/Book1/6_Growth_and_development.pdf